9446_Conflict Resolution

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1 Conflict …………………………………………………………………………………………… 07
1.1 What is Conflict? ……………………………………………………………………………… 09
1.2 Origin of Conflict …………………………………………………………………………….. 11
1.3 Nature of Conflict …………………………………………………………………………….. 16
1.4 Functions of Conflict ………………………………………………………………………… 17
1.5 Self-assessment Questions ………………………………………………………………… 19

Unit 2 Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution: ………………………………. 21
2.1 Terms and Definitions ………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.2 What Causes Disputes and Conflict? …………………………………………………. 23
2.3 The Circle of Conflict ……………………………………………………………………….. 25
2.4 Sources and Causes of Conflict …………………………………………………………. 28
2.5 Self-assessment Questions ………………………………………………………………… 29

Unit 3 & 4 Types and Levels of Conflict ……………………………………………………. 31
3.1 Types of Conflict ……………………………………………………………………………… 33
3.1.1 Disputes…………………………………………………………………………………… 33
3.1.2 Deep-rooted Conflict ………………………………………………………………… 33
3.1.3 Intrapersonal Conflict. ……………………………………………………………… 33
3.1.4 Interpersonal Conflict……………………………………………………………….. 34
3.1.5 Intragroup Conflict …………………………………………………………………… 34
3.1.6 Intergroup Conflict …………………………………………………………………… 35
3.1.7 Intra-national Conflict ………………………………………………………………. 36
3.1.8 International Conflict ……………………………………………………………….. 36
4. The Conflict Process Model ……………………………………………………………. 37
The five stages …………………………………………………………………………………. 38
Stage 1: Potential for Conflict……………………………………………………………. 38
Stage 2: Recognition of conflict ………………………………………………………… 41
Stage 3: Conflict Handling Techniques………………………………………………. 42
Stage 4: Conflict Behavior ………………………………………………………………… 45
Stage 5: Conflict Outcomes ………………………………………………………………. 46
Self-assessment Questions ………………………………………………………………… 47

Unit 5 & 6 Techniques of Conflict Prevention and Management ……………. 49
5.1 Conflict Prevention …………………………………………………………………………… 51
5.2 Conflict Resolution …………………………………………………………………………… 53
5.3 Distributive Bargaining …………………………………………………………………….. 53
5.4 Use of Force …………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
5.6 Negotiation. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 54
5

6.1 Communication ………………………………………………………………………………. 55
6.2 Mediation ………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
6.2.1 Fundamental Elements of Mediation …………………………………………. 56
6.2.2 Stages of the Mediation Process ………………………………………………… 57
6.3 Cultural Aspects Influencing Conflict Resolution ……………………………….. 58
6.4 Convening Multi-party Stakeholder Negotiations ……………………………….. 59
6.5 Arbitration ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
6.6 Reconciliation ………………………………………………………………………………….. 60

Unit 7 Major Conflicts in the World (Case Studies in Conflict) ……………….. 63
7.1 Palestine Conflict ……………………………………………………………………………… 65
7.2 Kashmir Conflict………………………………………………………………………………. 67
7.3 Iraq Conflict …………………………………………………………………………………….. 69
7.4 Afghan Conflict ……………………………………………………………………………….. 71
7.5 United Nations and International Conflict Resolution …………………………. 74
7.6 Self-assessment Questions ………………………………………………………………… 76

Unit 8 Situation of Conflict in Pakistan ……………………………………………………. 77
8.1 Background ……………………………………………………………………………………… 79
8.2 Ethnic Conflicts ……………………………………………………………………………….. 79
8.3 Regional Conflicts ……………………………………………………………………………. 81
8.4 Religious Conflicts …………………………………………………………………………… 82
8.5 Sectarian Conflicts ……………………………………………………………………………. 82
Self-assessment Questions ………………………………………………………………… 84

Unit 9 Terrorism ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
9.1 Terrorism – What is it? ……………………………………………………………………… 87
9.2 Terrorism Networks ………………………………………………………………………….. 90
9.3 History of Terrorism …………………………………………………………………………. 91
9.4 Sociology of Terrorism …………………………………………………………………….. 94
9.5 Sociological Theories ……………………………………………………………………….. 98
9.6 Types of Terrorism …………………………………………………………………………. 102
9.7 Causes of Terrorism………………………………………………………………………… 103
9.8 Terrorism in Pakistan ……………………………………………………………………… 105
9.9 Self-assessment Questions ………………………………………………………………. 112